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Today, digital technologies have become an integral part of nearly every aspect of human life. People now communicate, express identity, build relationships, and even seek emotional comfort through digital platforms. These changes, however, are not accidental; they reflect deeper theories about how technology influences society and how humans construct meaning in digital spaces. Concepts such as techno-determinism, parasocial relationships, and digital sociology help us understand these transformations more critically. While these ideas were developed in Western intellectual contexts, their significance and relevance have grown dramatically in countries like Nepal, where technological adoption has accelerated faster than the development of digital literacy and critical awareness. Examining these concepts together allows Nepali readers to recognize how technology subtly shapes everyday life and social norms, including social behavior, identity, and public culture.

Techno-determinism: Technology as the driver of social change

The roots of technological determinism, commonly known as techno-determinism, lie in the works of American economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Veblen argued that machines and technological tools evolve according to their own internal logic and that society is compelled to reorganize itself to accommodate these technological developments. In his early works, such as The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) and The Instinct of Workmanship (1914), he suggested that technology holds such transformative power that social institutions, including the economy, culture, labor, and even human relationships, must adapt to it.

Later, Marshall McLuhan, a prominent communication and media scholar, reinforced this idea by famously asserting that “the medium is the message,” implying that the structure of technology itself, not merely its content, forms human thought and social behavior. The popularity of the term “technological determinism” rose significantly during the mid-twentieth century as societies confronted the accelerating force of industrialization and media innovation.

In the Nepali context, techno-determinism becomes evident in the rapid transformation of social life through smartphones and social media. Within just a decade or so, digital platforms have redefined political activism, romantic relationships, daily communication, and youth identity. Even in rural Nepal, the intervention of smartphones has changed agricultural practices, migration decisions, and educational aspirations. Simply put, technological change has pushed social change faster than Nepali institutions can keep up with—exactly what Veblen predicted more than a century ago. The widespread belief that “technology will modernize Nepal” also reflects a deterministic mindset where society is seen as following the path set by digital innovation.

Parasocial relationships: Intimacy at a distance

While techno-determinism focuses on how technology shapes society at a structural level, parasocial relationships explain how media shapes emotions and personal connections. The concept was introduced in 1956 by Donald Horton and R. Richard Wohl in their seminal article “Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction: Observations on Intimacy at a Distance.” They observed that television hosts, radio presenters, and entertainers often addressed viewers directly, creating an illusion of personal friendship. Nonetheless, the viewer felt emotionally close; the relationship was fundamentally one-sided; the media figures did not know them.

This concept has grown theatrically with the rise of social media platforms. Unlike television personalities of the 1950s, today’s influencers share their daily routines, insecurities, celebrations, and personal struggles. Platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram create deliberate intimacy via close-up camera angles, direct eye contact, and daily life vlogs. As a result, viewers often feel bonded to people they have never met.

Nepal has recently seen an explosion of parasocial relationships. TikTok celebrities, vloggers, and social media influencers enjoy loyal follower bases who track their emotional ups and downs as if they were relatives or close friends. Many young Nepalis express attachment to influencers’ marriages, breakups, and grudges, reinforcing Horton and Wohl’s idea of “intimacy at a distance.” Furthermore, the digital migration trend, where family members live abroad, relies on the appeal of such relationships. For many left behind at home, online personalities offer a surrogate form of emotional companionship. This demonstrates how emotional life in Nepal is being reshaped by digital media in ways that earlier generations never anticipated.

Digital sociology: A new Lens for understanding digital society

As digital technology has increasingly structured everyday life, scholars have begun developing new approaches to study these transformations. The field of digital sociology emerged in the early twenty-first century and is widely associated with Professor Deborah Lupton, whose book Digital Sociology (2014) provided one of the first comprehensive frameworks in this discipline. Digital sociology examines how digital technologies shape human interaction, identity formation, power relations, cultural practices, and social institutions. Likewise, digital sociology recognizes that online and offline lives are inseparable; digital spaces have now become genuine social arenas where power, identity, and inequality are negotiated.

In Nepal, digital sociology helps explain phenomena such as the rise of influencer culture, political mobilization through social media, the digital divide between urban and rural populations, and the growing impact of algorithmic platforms on public opinion. For instance, political debates and movements in Nepal increasingly unfold through Twitter and TikTok, creating new forms of public discourse while amplifying misinformation and polarization. Similarly, Facebook’s dominance in Nepali digital life has created a reliance on a single platform for news, communication, and even business, shaping how people access information and construct truth.

Organized evolution: How the three concepts reinforce each other

When examined together, techno-determinism, parasocial relationships, and digital sociology form a coherent framework for understanding contemporary society. Techno-determinism explains the structural forces: how technology drives social and institutional transformation. Parasocial relationships explain the emotional and psychological dimension: how digital platforms shape personal bonds and intimacy. Digital sociology, meanwhile, provides analytical tools for studying how these processes interact within broader systems of power and culture.

In Nepal, these three forces intersect vividly. Technological platforms introduce new forms of communication; these platforms then foster parasocial relationships between influencers and audiences, and digital sociology helps us understand how these relationships influence identity, politics, consumer culture, and mental health. In this way, the three concepts evolve together, forming a layered explanation of how technology reorganizes society.

Stepping ahead toward digital future

Techno-determinism, parasocial relationships, and digital sociology, though debatable topics, offer valuable frameworks for interpreting the rapid social changes driven by digital technology. For Nepal, a country still developing its digital literacy, infrastructure, and regulatory systems, these concepts provide critical insights. They remind us that technology is not neutral: it shapes emotions, restructures institutions, and reorganizes power. As Nepal continues its digital transformation, it must develop stronger critical awareness, ethical guidelines, and educational systems that equip people to navigate the complexities of digital life.

Therefore, Nepal stands at a critical juncture where digital awareness must grow alongside digital access. Nepali society needs to recognize that technology can not only empower but also manipulate; it can connect but also isolate. Understanding these concepts lets us become more conscious digital citizens who use technology without being controlled by it. Only through such awareness can Nepal build a digital future that is both socially responsible and emotionally healthy.

In today’s fast-paced world with a hustle culture, stress feels almost unavoidable and almost everyone is struggling to maintain complete health—both mentally and physically.  We’re constantly racing to perform better, achieve more, and keep up with life’s demands. But all this pressure often leaves us mentally exhausted and physically drained. This constant pressure leads to stress, which ultimately affects our mental well-being.

Mental health is not simply the absence of illness; rather, it means being healthy in every aspect of life. It encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being. Many mental health issues arise from environmental factors such as stress, workload, lifestyle changes, and social pressures. To safeguard mental health, both physical and psychological care are vital since mental and physical health are deeply connected. Taking care of our body, mind, and soul, therefore, becomes crucial.

One natural and feasible way to nurture mental health is massage therapy—a practice that relaxes the body, calms the mind, and soothes the soul.

What is massage therapy?

Massage therapy is a professional process involving hands-on rubbing and kneading of the body, either dry or using therapeutic oils. Its primary goal is to relax the body and relieve muscle tension. While it is a physical treatment, its effects go far beyond the body, reaching into mental and emotional well-being.

Massage therapy is usually performed in a carefully designed environment that caters to all five senses:

• Ears: Soothing, healing music
• Eyes: Aesthetically pleasing and calming surroundings
• Skin: Warm, comforting touch
• Taste: Herbal teas for your taste buds
• Nose: Therapeutic and aromatic fragrances

This holistic approach provides a safe and nurturing space that benefits both body and mind.

Why massage isn’t just a luxury

Sure, massages feel amazing. But beyond relaxation, they do something deeper. Massage therapy reduces stress hormones, boosts “feel-good” chemicals like serotonin and dopamine, and helps release built-up muscle tension. That means less anxiety, better sleep, and a calmer mind.

Massage therapy and mental health

The association between massage therapy and mental health is both deep and scientific. Stress, if left unchecked, can develop into chronic physical and mental health problems. Massage therapy helps prevent this progression by:

• Improving blood circulation, which detoxifies the body
• Releasing muscle knots and relieving physical tension
• Reducing stress hormones like cortisol
• Increasing “feel-good” hormones such as serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins

These effects collectively reduce symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression while improving mood, relaxation, and sleep quality. The physical touch of massage fosters a sense of relief, safety, and empowerment, allowing individuals to process emotions more easily.

Preventive health benefits

Massage therapy is not a treatment for illnesses, nor is it a diagnostic process. Instead, it serves as a preventive therapy, aligning with the saying “prevention is better than cure.” By reducing daily stress and preventing the buildup of chronic tension, massage therapy helps individuals maintain balance in their physical and mental health.

Various methods used in massage therapy—such as stretching, heat therapy, hydrothermal therapy, and relaxation techniques—not only reduce muscle stiffness but also improve mental clarity. This strengthens the mind-body connection and promotes self-care, self-compassion, and overall well-being.

Maintaining mental health in today’s demanding world requires conscious effort and holistic care. Massage therapy offers a natural, preventive approach to achieving this balance. By relieving stress, enhancing relaxation, and promoting positive mental states, it becomes an essential practice for nurturing the body, mind, and soul.

To achieve and sustain mental health, routinely practicing massage therapy is recommended for everyone. It is more than a luxury—it is a much-needed preventive measure for complete well-being.

The author is L&D Manager at Tranquility Spa Nepal

Growing up in Dharan-18, Sunsari, in a community where many women were financially dependent on their male counterparts, Sushma Rai always felt the urge to challenge that cycle. She believed that women could be equally capable of earning, leading, and inspiring others. With a deep interest in clothing design and a vision to create change, she migrated from Dharan to Kathmandu, convincing her family to let her follow her passion for fashion and entrepreneurship.

Her turning point came when she discovered the Nabil School of Social Entrepreneurship (Nabil SSE) Fellowship Program—a platform she describes as the most transformative chapter of her entrepreneurial journey.

The Nabil SSE Fellowship, initiated under Nabil Bank Limited’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program, was designed to empower aspiring and existing social entrepreneurs by equipping them with practical skills, mentorship, and access to financial opportunities. Through interactive training, peer learning, and guidance from experienced mentors, Rai gained valuable insights into market research, business planning, financial management, and brand development. These lessons helped her transform her boutique into a structured, sustainable enterprise.

Established in 2018, Tayami Boutique has grown into a women-led social enterprise producing high-quality women’s wear and baby clothes using locally sourced materials. Beyond fashion, Tayami embodies empowerment—offering hands-on training, dignified employment, and financial independence to local women. From two staff members, Rai now leads a team of 25 women, many of whom were once confined to household responsibilities. Tayami has since developed its own identity, specializing in maternity wear, baby clothing, and women’s apparel that blends comfort, culture, and creativity.

The Nabil SSE Fellowship Program, organized in collaboration with the School of Management, Tribhuvan University (SOMTU), is a six-month residential and field-based initiative. It provides modules on business strategy, leadership, impact measurement, and sustainability while connecting fellows with expert mentors and networks. To date, the program has trained 76 fellows, leading to the establishment of 62 enterprises and the creation of over 14,500 jobs across Nepal. This year, Nabil SSE has introduced province-specific thematic priorities—focusing on various aims.

According to Manoj Kumar Gyawali, CEO of Nabil Bank, “Empowering social entrepreneurs has proven to be one of the most effective means to fulfill our commitment to national development. With this cohort, we are strategically channeling our resources to reach the most disadvantaged communities, translating financial innovation into tangible, inclusive growth across all provinces.”

Ankita (name changed), a 24-year-old engineering student from Doti, never imagined that the person she trusted the most would become the source of her deepest pain. For five years, she had been in a committed relationship with her boyfriend.

Everything seemed fine until one day, whispers began circulating among her peers. She soon discovered she had become the topic of gossip, branded as “characterless.” People she barely knew began sending her abusive messages, some even crossed all limits by sending her obscene pictures. Confused and humiliated, Ankita tried to understand what went wrong. After some digging, she was shattered to learn that her private photos/moments shared in trust had been leaked online across several pornographic sites and on X. Her sense of safety collapsed in an instant. But the greatest betrayal was yet to be revealed, the person behind the leak was her own boyfriend. When confronted, his justification was horrifyingly casual; he claimed he did it “for a kick,” to “flex her” and show that she was “his.” The sheer hypocrisy and cruelty of his actions were beyond comprehension. To make matters worse, he was living abroad, outside the reach of immediate legal action.

Shattered but determined, Ankita, accompanied by her friends, went to the local police station to file a complaint. What she hoped would be the beginning of justice turned into another layer of trauma. The police officers, instead of offering empathy or protection, questioned her character. Some even suggested that she might have shared the photos intentionally to seek attention or favor. One officer reportedly said, “If you didn’t want it to go public, why did you share it at all?” It was a painful reminder of how victim-blaming remains deeply embedded in our institutions. The justice system that should have protected her only made her feel smaller, weaker, and more exposed. Her case dragged on with little progress.

The key accused her ex-boyfriend was living abroad, and Nepal’s cyber laws offered no clear mechanism to bring him under legal jurisdiction. The humiliation continued online. Despite reporting the images on multiple platforms, the content was not removed quickly. For weeks, Ankita could barely sleep. Every time she closed her eyes, she feared another message, another notification, another reminder that her life was no longer her own.

Ankita’s story is not unique. Across Nepal and indeed, around the world young people are navigating love in the digital era without a clear understanding of the risks. With smartphones becoming extensions of our emotions, digital intimacy has become an unspoken part of modern relationships. Couples share private photos, videos, and messages as symbols of trust and affection. But few realize that once shared digitally, these moments are no longer entirely within their control. According to Nepal Police’s Cyber Bureau, cases of revenge porn, sextortion, and non-consensual image sharing have been rising sharply in recent years. Yet, most victims do not come forward due to shame, fear of social stigma, or lack of trust in the authorities. The problem lies not only in the acts themselves but also in our collective response, a mixture of judgment, silence, and technological ignorance.

Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and X have revolutionized how we connect, communicate, and express ourselves. They’ve given voice to the voiceless, allowed distant loved ones to stay close, and opened doors to creativity and social change. But they have also become tools of manipulation, harassment, and exploitation. On one hand, social media is a blessing enabling activism, education, and global awareness. On the other hand, it has turned into a breeding ground for cyberbullying, privacy violations, and mental health crises.

In Ankita’s case, social media amplified her trauma. The same platforms that once carried her expressions of love now carried her humiliation. Once the images went viral, there was no turning back. Even after removal, digital traces often remain archived in corners of the internet that never forget. This dual nature of social media raises a crucial question for our time: How can we continue to benefit from these platforms while ensuring accountability, privacy, and safety?

Earlier this year, the Government of Nepal sparked massive outrage when it proposed banning social media platforms that were not registered in the country. Thousands of young users protested online, calling it a violation of freedom of expression. While the frustration was justified, the issue also revealed something deeper: the need for balanced digital regulation. Banning social media outright is not the answer. But ignoring its growing misuse is equally dangerous. Nepal urgently needs clear, updated, and enforceable cyber laws that address the realities of the digital age. Laws that not only criminalize online harassment and image-based abuse but also empower victims with access to psychological support, legal aid, and data protection.

Countries like the UK, Australia, and South Korea have already enacted laws that allow victims of non-consensual image sharing to report and have their content removed quickly. Nepal can and must follow suit. Moreover, social media companies themselves must bear greater responsibility. Platforms should improve their moderation systems, provide faster content takedown mechanisms, and cooperate with local law enforcement. Without accountability both from governments and corporations the internet will remain a lawless space where justice is slow, and trauma is endless.

The act of leaking someone’s private pictures is not merely a crime of technology, it is a crime of trust. It weaponizes intimacy. For the victim, the emotional toll is often equivalent to or worse than physical assault. Victims experience anxiety, depression, and long-term trauma.

In conservative societies, where women are often judged more harshly, such incidents can destroy careers, education, and family relationships. Ankita’s silence for weeks after the incident reflects this psychological burden. She feared not only societal judgment but also the loss of her identity. Every look, every whisper, became a reminder of her pain. The healing process for victims like her is not just about removing photos or catching perpetrators, it’s about reclaiming dignity and agency in a society that too often blames the survivor instead of the criminal. Relationships should include discussions about boundaries, respect, and the risks of sharing personal content online.

For many, love has become an act of possession rather than partnership. Social media amplifies this by rewarding public displays of affection, relationship “proofs,” and constant validation. In such a culture, private love becomes public performance and when that performance ends, revenge or exposure becomes the final act. True love, however, is rooted in respect, consent, and trust. Without those, digital intimacy turns into digital exploitation. 

Love itself is not the trap, it’s the misuse of trust, technology, and power that ensnares people like Ankita. In this era of digital intimacy, love has become easier to express but harder to protect. Social media, with all its blessings, can turn into a curse when wielded without empathy or accountability. The same tool that connects can also destroy; the same platform that gives voice can also be silent. As a society, we must redefine both love and responsibility in the digital context. We must teach that sharing does not equal consent, that privacy is not negotiable, and that no one deserves shame for trusting someone they love.

For Ankita, the scars may never fully fade. But if her story can spark awareness, compassion, and change, perhaps her pain will not have been in vain. Because in the end, love is not a trap, it’s a test of how responsible we handle the trust it gives us.